In this article, I am going to go over the rest of the files in the Designredux WordPress theme before we go on to adding extra features, scripts, and custom pages to the theme. Check out How to Disassemble a Free WordPress Theme Part 1 if you missed it.
The files that this article is covering are comments.php, single.php, functions.php, and style.css.
Comments.php
The comments contains everything required for the comments to function. This includes the comments itself, the comments form, and various checks that do different things depending on the settings set in WordPress.
1. Some pre-flight checks
if ('comments.php' == basename($_SERVER['SCRIPT_FILENAME']))
die ('Please do not load this page directly. Thanks!');
Checks to see if the comments.php is loaded directly into the browser. If it is being directly loaded, it will stop loading and display the message within the die() function. Comments don’t work outside of the WordPress Loop so it would be pointless to load it directly.
if (!empty($post->post_password)) { // if there's a password
if ($_COOKIE['wp-postpass_' . COOKIEHASH] != $post->post_password) { // and it doesn't match the cookie
<p class="nocomments">This post is password protected. Enter the password to view comments.<p>
<?php return; }}?>
Checks to see if a password is set for the post. If a password is set, it will stop the post from being displayed and instead display an input box where you can enter a password in order to see the post.
<?php if ($comments) :?> <ol id="comments_list">
<?php $comment_index = '1'?>
<?php foreach ($comments as $comment) : ?>
//fun stuff inside foreach loop
<?php endforeach; ?>
Checks to see if there are comments before it begins the process of churning out all the comments. Then it sets $comment_index = ‘1′ in order to be used later for displaying the comment’s number. Only after all that does it begins the foreach loop which will go through every comment one by one and do everything inside the loop.
2. Inside the comment’s foreach loop
<?php $comment_type = get_comment_type(); ?>
<?php if ($comment_type == 'comment') { ?>
//fun stuff
<?php } else { $trackback = true; } ?>
The first line gets what type of comment it is. There are three types of comments you can get. The three being regular comments, trackbacks, and pings. The reason for checking this is to separate the comments from the trackbacks and pings so it can be organized better. After getting the type, it checks to see if it is a regular comment. If it is a regular comment, then it does all the fun stuff after that. But if it is not a regular comment, it just sets $trackback to true, which tells us that there are trackbacks/pings in this post.
<li class="<?php if (1 == $comment->user_id) { ?>comments_author <?php }; ?>
<?php if ($comment_index % 2 == 1) { ?>odd<?php }; ?>" id="comment-<?php comment_ID() ?>">
The first line checks to see if the commenter is an author by checking to see if its user id is equal to 1. If it is then it adds the class “comments_author” to the <li> tag so it can be styled differently from the other comments. The second line checks to see if the comment’s number for that comment is odd, if it is then it will add a class of “odd” so it can be styled differently from the even comments for easier reading. <?php comment_ID; ?> just adds the id for the comment.
<span class="comments_index"><?php printf("%03d", $comment_index); $comment_index++; ?></span>
The printf() function is used to format the comment’s number for display. The format in this case being defined by “%03d”, which just means it has to be outputted as 3 digits and if it isn’t already in 3 digits format then add leading zeros until you get 3 digits. That is why it comes out as 001 and 002 instead of 1 and 2. $comment_index++ just adds one more to the index so the next one will be 2, 3, 4, etc.
<?php if ($comment->comment_approved == '0') : ?>
<em>Your comment is awaiting moderation.</em>
<?php endif; ?>
The first line checks to see if you have set comments to be approved before displaying in the settings of WordPress. If you have it set to be approved first, then it will just give a message to the commenter that it is awaiting moderation.
3. Trackbacks and pings
<?php if ($trackback == true) { ?> <h3>Trackbacks</h3>
<ul id="tracksbacks">
<?php foreach ($comments as $comment) : ?>
<?php $comment_type = get_comment_type(); ?>
<?php if($comment_type != 'comment') {?>
<li>
<?php comment_author_link(); ?>
</li>
<?php } ?>
<?php endforeach; ?>
</ul>
<?php } ?>
The first line checks to see if there are any trackbacks or pings. If there is, then it will display them by using a foreach loop again. This is pretty straightforward after having gone through the comment’s foreach loop. This time you just display a link to the trackback/ping if they are not regular comments.
4. If there are no comments
<?php else : ?>
<?php if ('open' == $post->comment_status) : ?>
<?php else : // comments are closed ?>
<p class="nocomments">Comments are closed.</p>
<?php endif; ?>
<?php endif; ?>
If there are no comments for this post, it will do what is after the <?php else: ?> and before <?php endif; ?>. The second line pretty much just checks to see the status of the comments. If the comments are open, but there are no comments it doesn’t do anything. But if the comments are closed it will say so.
5. Pre-flight checks before displaying the comments form
<?php if ('open' == $post->comment_status) : ?>
<?php if ( get_option('comment_registration') && !$user_ID ) : ?>
<p>You must be <a href="<?php echo get_option('siteurl'); ?>/wp-login.php?redirect_to=<?php the_permalink(); ?>">logged in</a> to post a comment.</p>
<?php else : ?>
Before we can display the comments form, we have to check if the comments are open or not and that is what the first line does. Now if it is open, but the settings in WordPress is set so that only registered users can comment then it will force you to login if you haven’t already done so. If all the conditions are satisfied, the conditions being comments are open and you are logged in if required to do so, then the comments form will be displayed.
6. Comments form
<form action="<?php echo get_option('siteurl'); ?>/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform">
Sets the action of the form to the wp-comments-post.php file, which will process the form.
<?php if ( $user_ID ) : ?> <p class="comment_status">Logged in as <a href="<?php echo get_option('siteurl'); ?>/wp-admin/profile.php"><?php echo $user_identity; ?></a>. <a href="<?php echo get_option('siteurl'); ?>/wp-login.php?action=logout" title="Log out of this account">Logout »</a></p>
<?php else : ?>
Checks to see if you are logged in. If you are logged in, it will tell you so and also give you an option to log out if you want to.
<label for="author">Name <span><?php if ($req) echo "*"; ?></span></label>
<input type="text" name="author" id="author" class="text" value="<?php echo $comment_author; ?>" size="22" tabindex="1" />
<?php if ($req) echo “*”; ?> checks to see if the settings in WordPress is set so that it requires the user to fill out their name and e-mail. If it does require it, then it will display * next to the field. <?php echo $comment_author; ?> fills in the user’s name if they are registered, but if they are not, it just leaves it empty.
<?php do_action('comment_form', $post->ID); ?>
The do_action(’comment_form’, $post->ID) function is a hook for plugins, similar to wp_head() in the header. So don’t go deleting this or comment plugins won’t work.
Single.php
The single.php is used to display single posts. In this theme it is identical to index.php, except for a couple of things. For one, the number of comments are no longer displayed in the top right. And secondly, the comments.php is called on this page.
1. Comments.php
<?php comments_template(); ?>
<?php comments_template(); ?> calls the comments.php file and spits it out. That’s it.
Functions.php
The functions.php file is used to hold all the custom functions outside of what WordPress offers that you plan to use in your theme. In this theme, it just contains the WP-PageNavi plugin, which is used in the theme for easier pagination.
Style.css
The style.css file is what WordPress expects to be your main stylesheet for your theme. It also contains nifty information about the theme that WordPress uses to display. Breaking down the style.css file is out of the scope of this series.
1. General information about the theme
/*
Theme Name: designredux
Theme URI: http://www.blogdesignblog.com/themes/
Description: A simple sweet blue/silver theme designed by blogdesignblog.com
Tags: Blue, fixed width, widgets, two columns, silver
Author: Vinh Le
Author URI: http://www.blogdesignblog.com
Version: 0.1
.
This theme is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License.
Basically you can do whatever you want with it as long as you credit me with a link and
use it for non-commercial purposes. A link/credit is already integrated on the bottom of the
footer, you can remove it, but only if you put it somewhere else on the page.
.
*/
This is pretty self-explanatory. It is just basic information about the theme.
2. Color Scheme
/* `Color Scheme
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*//*
Blue : #6f9fbd
Text: #42423d
Black: #464646
Deep Black: #272727
Silver: #eeeeee
Pink: #ec81c0
*/
This is usually not required, but I thought it would make life easier for people who want to customize the theme.
Conclusion
This concludes the second part of this article. Now that we are done disassembling the WordPress theme, we can actually start the really fun part, which is modifying the theme to do what we want. This includes creating custom pages, scripts, and plugins. If there is something specific that you would like to see added to the theme, just leave a comment and I will cover it in a future article.
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Further Reading
1. WordPress Codex for Theme Development.
References
1. Top picture is by wasabicube
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Hi, my name is Vinh Le. Thanks for reading my article. If you are interested in the blog design services that I offer, please check out my services page.
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